Substitution Reaction Definition

A substitution reaction is a type of chemical reaction where an atom or functional group of a molecule is replaced by another atom or functional group. A substitution reaction is also called a single displacement reaction, single replacement reaction, or single substitution reaction. Examples: CH3Cl reacted with a hydroxy ion (OH-) will produce CH3OH and chlorine. This substitution reaction replaces the chlorine atom on the original molecule with the hydroxy ion. Sources Imyanitov, Naum S. (1993). Is This Reaction a Substitution, Oxidation-Reduction, or Transfer?. J. Chem. Educ. 70 (1): 14–16. doi:10.1021/ed070p14March, Jerry (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-85472-7.

The Endocrine Part Of The Pancreas - 1609 Words

The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of the Langerhans). Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells of the pancreas. Both of these hormones are secreted depending on the blood glucose levels. Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon and beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin (Marieb, 2012). Insulin and glucagon are equally vital in managing blood glucose, making sure the body functions well. Glucose, which comes from the food we eat, is important for every body system. A decline in the blood glucose level below its normal range causes the nervous system to function erratically because glucose is its main source of energy. Insulin and glucagon hormones partner†¦show more content†¦Some of the fatty acids are converted by the liver into acidic ketones as fats are broken down, (Lienhard, G., 1992), which are released into the blood stream. Insulin is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas. Insulin secretion is triggered by high blood glucose level and increased parasympathetic stimulation that is associated with digestion of a meal. Decreased insulin secretion results from decreasing blood glucose levels and from stimulation by the sympathetic division of the nervous system (Seeley and Stephens, 2005). Sympathetic stimulation of the pancreas increase during physical activities. Decreased insulin levels allow blood glucose to be conserved to provide the brain with adequate glucose and to allow other tissues to metabolize fatty acids and glycogen stored in the cells. Insulin binds to membrane–bound receptors and, either directly or indirectly, increases the rate of glucose and amino acid uptake in different tissues. For insulin, the major target tissues are the the area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite, called the satiety centre. liver, adipose tissue, muscles and Glucose is converted to glycogen and fat and the amino acids are used to synthesize protein. Storage of excess glucose for energy. After eating — when insulin levels are high — excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen (Marieb, 2012). Between meals — when insulin levels are low — the

Effects of Smoking Free Essays

Effects of Smoking According to the Clinical Respiratory Journal an average of five million people will die globally every year from effects of tobacco smoke. The number of people that dies is shocking. Smoking has many terrible effects on the human body from effecting the lungs, heart, and even causes cancer if you did not know that already. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Smoking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why do people smoke? Some people might ask. Well there is nicotine in tobacco which causes your muscles to relax and thus causing that relaxing non stressful feeling that people who smoke feels while â€Å"enjoying† a cigarette. The feeling can be eally strong for a first time smoker causing a â€Å"buzz†, since their body has not built up a tolerance to the nicotine. When people do start to build up their tolerance level, the feeling of the pleasurable â€Å"buzz† or relaxation lessens to where you must smoke more than one cigarette to feel relaxed or even a slight â€Å"buzz†. But there is a drawback nicotine is a highly addictive substance. So addictive in fact that according to heart. org compares it to hardcore drug addictions like cocaine and heroin. So once people start they are caught in a trap. Heart. org states that approximately sixty-eight ercent of smokers want to quit, but are unable to stop because of the high amounts of nicotine in his/her body. But what happens to those who cannot quit? Well let me start with the place smoke gets inhaled to: The Lungs. The harmful smoke from the cigarette causes immediate life threatening damage to the lungs the second the smoke enters. According to Lung. org cigarette smoke has over 4,800 chemicals with sixty-nine known chemicals to cause cancer. Even with Just one inhale all of those chemicals will enter the lungs. Cigarette smoke has been also connected to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as chronic ronchitis and emphysema. On top of COPD, cigarettes also cause the lungs to shrink and turn black, thus causing inability to breathe deeply and less oxygen in the blood stream. That is way when smokers exercise they feel very light headed and out of breath, because there is not an ample supply of oxygen in the blood stream. How bad would that be to past out from lack of oxygen while playing with your grandkids? I would feel terrible to lead that kind of example of its 0k to smoke and cause that kind of harm to the lungs to where a person can’t even spend quality family time with them. I have wondered why the lungs Just don’t clean all of those nasty chemicals out, or why do smokers cough. I have found out that these two things are related. Everybody has these little hairs in their longs called cilia that help clean out mucus and harmful substances in the lungs. The smoke from a cigarette paralyzes these hairs causing mucus to build up in the lungs which gives people terrible coughs by trying to hack the mucus out of the lungs. Which if the person coughs for long enough and hard enough, the cough will cause major irritation in the throat making the person cough up blood. Now back to the chemicals, the cilia cannot clean the chemicals out of the lungs because it is the chemicals that immobilize them and will eventually all will die out and stop working if the smoker smokes long enough. Which if that happens the persons lungs will be almost beyond repair with all of the mucus build up, the chemicals causing harm, and the lungs not being able to clean out the natural substances that could already cause harm to the lungs. All in all t i is one highly deadly trio. The lungs are one of the part of the body that most people think get harmed when a person smoke, but people do not think about the heart. Almost twenty percent of people that pass away due to cardiovascular disease are directly related to smoking. That is saying that if a hundred people died from heart disease twenty of them died because of smoking, and not of high cholesterol or some other reason. That number is scary because of the fact of instead of harming one major organ the body the person is harming two. Smoking causes the heart to increase its rate of speed causing the resting heart beat to be considerably higher than the average nonsmoker. With each cigarette a person smokes the chances of artery disease goes up. Which means that also the chances of heart failure and having a heart attack goes up substantially. In some cases the threat of heart failure has a greater chance of happening than lung failure. Taking all of these factors into consideration people still smoke because it is their body and they are only harming themselves well may I say that statement is false. Secondhand smoke kills a number around 70,000 of nonsmokers a year. That’s 70,000 people that care about their body day because of somebody else’s stupidity and no awareness of how their choices impact others. Some smokers say that econdhand smoke is harmless, but that is a complete lie. Secondhand smoke can cause the same exact health concerns from the lungs, to the heart, and can even cause cancer. Yes, smokers are not the only ones who get cancer; it is also the people who they are around. Kids are extremely vulnerable to secondhand smoke from smokers. The kid’s immunity system has not fully developed yet to even attempt to fight off the diseases from the smoke. Kids are already experiencing heart failure due to their parents’ cigarettes. I have personally known a sweet kid who had trouble with his heart because his parents smoked. It is truly heart wrenching to watch it happen. If you are reading this please remind people to all of the health risks that smoking can impose. Such as cancer, lung disease, cardiovascular disease and along with telling them that smoking not only harms them but also their loved ones. Citations Carter, Charleata A. , Manoj Misra, and Robert R. Maronpot. â€Å"Tracheal Morphologic And Protein Alterations Following Short-Term Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Exposure To Rats. † Journal Of Toxicologic Pathology 25. 3 (2012): 201-207. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. ello, Francescopaolo D’, et al. Question –  ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, COCAINE, AND A WIDE VARIETY OF OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT ALTER PERCEPTIONS AND MOODS ARE CALLED? Answer at  https://donemyessay.com/unit-5-review/ How to cite Effects of Smoking, Papers

I see myself as a quite liberal person on politica Essay Example For Students

I see myself as a quite liberal person on politica Essay l, social, and economic issues. I believe the public has some duties to the government such as pay taxes. In turn, the government should fund programs to help the people who need assistance. Unfortunately, much of the American public has lost its trust in the federal government because of corruption and special interest groups. However, now we are solving many of these problems, and hopefully America will again trust Washington. Once the public puts its trust with its government without criticizing each step of the way, we will see improvements in areas such as education and health care. Through federal mandates, each person will be given the opportunity to receive quality education and health coverage. Political IssuesI believe the federal government has an obligation to protect the rights of its people. America is a melting pot of various cultures from all different parts of the globe. These people all have different backgrounds, family environments, and experiences that affect their views on politics. Because of the diversity of its people, America accordingly has a diversity of political views. It is the duty of the federal government to protect the rights of each of these people whether they are black, white, Asian, conservative, liberal, socialist, or libertarian. The only time the federal government should violate someones rights is when it negatively affects the well being of others. Social IssuesThe federal government has a duty to ensure each person the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits of life. Unfortunately, the federal government has left some issues to be addressed by the states and private industry. One of the biggest issues is education. Many children are forced to attend schools that have less than adequate facilities. Most of these schools are in the inner-city neighborhoods. Their suburban counterparts have much more funding and as a result, better facilities. This has caused a gap in test scores between inner-city schools and suburban schools. If the federal government stepped in and provided equal funding to all schools, this problem would be solved. Also, the federal government has stayed out of health care and left it to industry. Millions of Americans cannot afford health care, and as a result, do not receive the treatment they require. The federal government should step in and supply health care on a federal level to all modeling the Canadian system. This would reduce costs of health care and give everyone the assistance they need. There also is too much discrimination against minorities such as blacks, homosexuals, and women. The federal government needs to help ensure that each person is given a chance to lead a life comparable to that of a member of the majority. Each has the right to live a decent life, and no one can take that away. Economic IssuesCurrently too much of the money is in the hands of the elites who control industries. Too many workers receive too little pay to afford the services they need to raise families in todays world. Big business today controls the wages and forces the workers to work its terms. The federal government should step in to ensure wages at decent levels and jobs to all people. Society should help each individual get onto his or her feet. Then each individual can return the favor and help society.

Impacts of Multinational Corporations (MNC) Involvement in Developing Countries

Introduction Multinational Corporations (MNCs) play a fundamental role in the economic improvement of the unindustrialized nations. MNCs complement the host nation’s resources and escalate value addition on diverse products. MNCs engagement in the emerging states has created both undesirable and helpful impacts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Multinational Corporations (MNC) Involvement in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Developing nations place a considerable expectation on their interactions with MNCs. They believe this can move them closer to the industrialized states. MNCs continue to accelerate their investments in developing nations in order to unlock the markets. Remarkably, such increments have generated numerous implications. First, they have positively influenced expansion of the economy, increased labor, accelerated production, and improvement of infrastructure. On the contrary, the undesirable impacts have taken the form of environmental degradation, widening developmental gaps, and adverse competition that hurt local businesses. Much as MNCs support the economic expansion of the unindustrialized states, their operations also create undesirable impacts, which hurt the host countries and their residents in a number of ways. Positive Impacts of MNCs MNCs contribute to the improvement of economies of the emerging states in different ways. MNCs normally generate job opportunities in the developing nations. This escalates income and spending within the economy, thus stimulating growth (Rugraff Hansen, 2011). The technological growth stimulated by MNCs also benefits the countries. Large MNCs also contribute to the host nation’s revenue base. The taxation revenue submitted by MNCs is normally higher than payments made by some local businesses (Kristensen and Morgan, 2007). Furthermore, MNCs improve the developing nation’s balance of payment. This takes place through direct investments and export of manufactured products. MNCs also improve the level of productivity and expertise within the emerging economies. The introduction of new technology in the local markets enhances production efficiency. This helps MNCs obtain an edge over local manufacturers (Kristensen and Morgan, 2007). Local industries normally attempt to enhance their competitive advantage through hiring experts and introducing technology. This further escalates production (Adeyeye, 2012). In addition, the developing nations realize benefits through the introduction of best practices and expertise. The locally generated resources may find ready market in the MNCs (Rugraff Hansen, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MNCs also contribute to the improvement of social and development needs of the developing nations. Corporate Social Respo nsibility (CSR) programs implemented by MNCs contribute to the expansion of social services that benefit residents (Mujih, 2012). MNCs implement diverse programs such as supporting the creation of an infrastructure in hospitals and schools to improve accessibility to health care and education services. Furthermore, MNCs sometimes support the training of residents through providing scholarships (Adeyeye, 2012). MNCs normally require an enabling environment for investment. Therefore, the host nations that seek to attract MNCs normally undertake diverse investment reforms. The reforms aim at expanding and creating suitable business environment (Kristensen and Morgan, 2007). MNCs contribute to the enhancement of economic reforms, which eventually places the country in the right track to pursuing development. Negative Impacts of MNCs MNCs in the developing economies often cause small business to suffer Large MNCs operate at high levels and generates quality products (Bobo, 2005). Further more, most MNCs have brands that consumers in diverse parts of the world identify with easily. In most cases, small businesses performance declines may lead winding up. MNCs also provide opportunities such as discounts and free samples to clients, thus widening their customer base at the expense of local businesses (Bobo, 2005). Notably, MNCs may take advantage of the modest status of the emerging economies to control them disproportionately. MNCs can infiltrate the government of the developing economies in order to enhance their operations. However, the challenge MNCs present to the countries may include providing poor work conditions and violation of business regulations (Rugraff Hansen, 2011). Some MNCs also engage in corruption deals with people in leadership positions in order to buy protection when they engage in illegal activities. MNCs promote problems of wage inequality in the emerging economies. Employees working for MNCs receive better payments than people employed by th e local business establishments. MNCs normally attract highly trained workforce (Bobo, 2005). These people receive huge salaries as opposed to unskilled workforce, thus creating high levels of wage inequality. MNCs operating in the developing states also generate inconsistencies regarding different matters. The emerging states and her residents can easily lose intellectual property rights for their inventions. MNCs continue to promote economic inequality in countries where they operate. The gaps between the richest individuals and the most economically underprivileged continue to escalate because of MNCs. The large investors practice capitalism that has disadvantaged the poor (Bobo, 2005). Their engagement in the evolving nations is associated with overexploitation of resources, thus leading to more poverty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Multinational Corporations (MNC) Involvement in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More MNCs also cause adverse environmental impacts in the developing states. Their operations promote environmental pollution because most developing nations have less stringent regulations (Kristensen and Morgan, 2007). Furthermore, MNCs may fail to adhere to regulations against pollution because of the need to maximize their profits. Conclusion The contributions made by MNCs in the evolving economies are evident. However, MNCs also present adverse impacts on the developing nations. The positive contributions are associated with economic expansion and improvement of social development (Adeyeye, 2012). On the contrary, MNCs operations have affected the states through escalating inequalities, killing of small businesses, and environmental concerns. Bibliography Adeyeye, A. 2012,  Corporate social responsibility of multinational corporations in developing countries: perspectives on anti-corruption, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bobo, B. F. 2005,  Rich country, poor country: the multinational as change agent, Praeger, Westport. Kristensen, P. H. and Morgan, G. 2007, â€Å"Multinationals and institutional competitiveness†, Regulation Governance, Vol. 1, pp.197–212, doi:  10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00017.x. Mujih, E. 2012,  Regulating multinationals in developing countries: a conceptual and legal framework for corporate social responsibility, Gower Pub, Surrey. Rugraff, E., Hansen, M. W. 2011,  Multinational corporations and local firms in emerging economies, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Impacts of Multinational Corporations (MNC) Involvement in Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Jazmine Velasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Death Be Not Proud Essays

Death Be Not Proud Essays Death Be Not Proud Paper Death Be Not Proud Paper Harridans poem is completely opposite to Donnas as it tells the reader about his personal life ND the unfortunate passing of his Mother. Death be not Proud was written three hundred and fifty years ago and written in sonnet form, a traditional form of writing at that time. In Death be not Proud, Done personifies death, calling death thee and thou, this makes death seem less influential and demonstrates that Done Is not scared of death. Indeed, he challenges and threatens It by saying, In line four, Die not, poor death, nor yet cants thou kill me. Done compares death, a word which normally carries negative connotations, to sleep which Is a pleasant experience. By saying this, Done suggests inconsequently that death is an enjoyable experience. In lines five to six, it states From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow. Here, Done mocks death as even in the title, death be not proud, Done is saying that death should not be so full of itself and calls death a slave who lives with all sorts of atrocious things. He refers to death as poison, war and sickness. Done is not afraid to say the word death or die and this is shown by the fact that he repeats the word death several times to show he is not afraid of it. By contrast, in conversation, people often evade the word death, preferring to use phrases such as passed away because even mentioning the word death may scare them. This also links back to death and how It Is perceived with very negative connotations. Done has no fear of death because he believes In the afterlife (he was a religious man and believed that when people died they went to Heaven). His last line is very powerful, expressing Donnas belief that, through the afterlife, death is redundant (as in Heaven, no one dies). An example of this is in the penultimate and IANAL line where Done says One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more; death, thou shall die. The last line contains 10 monosyllabic words. This emphasis the iambic pentameter of the line and adds force and authority to the words. Iambic pentameter is heard by the reader as almost the repeated drumming of the heartbeat, which in turn symbolizes life, this contrasting image in a poem where death Is so widely used again emphasis Donnas message that death Is not final and that there Is hope against It. Death appears In the last line three times ND this repetition emphasis the message that Done Is conveying, and by stating the word death three times, Done Is using rhetoric In the form of triplet phrasing to further illustrate his message. Monetary to Dean De not Proud, Long Distance II Is a deeply personal poem Ana Tony Harrison uses the personal pronouns my and l to convey the message that he is talking about his life and his fathers personal grief. During the poem the word death is seldom used and it seems that here, the poet is portraying to the reader just how scared the father is to admit what has happened. Harrison tells how his father refused to believe that his mother had died and we are given a series of pitiable, depressing and futile rituals that the father went through. In lines 2-4, Harrison writes, Dad kept her slippers warming by the gas, put hot water bottles her side of the bed and still went to renew her transport pass. This demonstrates to the reader that the father is clearly in denial and he carries on as if his wife were still alive, pretending in his own mind that she has Just popped out to tea. Possibly the saddest feature of the poem is the fact that, although both Harrison and his father myself know that the father isnt coping very well, neither of them can bring themselves to talk about it. This exposes the inability of men (especially old, proud Yorkshire men like Harridans father) to speak openly about their feelings. Harridans father would see it as a sign of weakness to openly show his great sorrow and his still raw love to his son. The word raw is used to describe his love as an undressed wound and the pain is still constant. The poem is therefore painfully well observed and frustratingly honest. We feel very sorry for Harridans father and indeed for Harrison himself, who allowed his father to carry on the pretence without ever feeling able to help. His father is now dead, his phone number is disconnected and it is too late for Harrison to call. The final verse presents the reader with an antithetic juxtaposition. Harrison begins with stating that, l believe life ends with death, and that is all, (this contrasts to Done, as he doesnt believe in the afterlife). However, his actions do not support his statement, as although his parents are both dead, he still keeps their memory alive in his new black leather phone book, still calling heir disconnected number. Harridans behavior is hugely ironic, given the almost critical way in which he exposed his fathers frailties in the opening three verses, now, Just like his father; he is forced to mourn in secret, performing similarly pointless rituals as a mark of both his love and his private suffering. An example of this is found in lines 14-16; Mimi havent both gone shopping; Just the same, in my new black leather phone book theres your name and the disconnected number I still call. Although this is a far more modern poem than Donnas, it is still written in a airily traditional form. Like Donnas poem, the rhythm is iambic pentameter and forms of rhetoric such as rhyming couplets are used to emphasis the meaning of the words. Both poets talk about death and the effect that death has on individuals. In my view, John Donnas Death be not Proud is the better poem. In Death be not Proud, Done attacks death in a very hostile way, saying Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men. Done expresses his anger at death, saying that it is nothing and can be left down to chance. Donnas victory over death is concluded in the last nine of the poem where he says Death shall be no more; death, thou shall die.

Polarizers Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Polarizers - Lab Report Example With reference to the two major classes of polarizers, a number of applications are drawn from their characteristic behavior (Dipak, 143). Linear polarizers as a class of polarizers are made up of two sub-categories including absorptive and beam-splitting. The major difference between beam-splitting and absorptive polarizers is that the former splits an incident beam into two beams of varying polarization while the latter splits unpolarized beam into two oppositely polarized states. An example of a linear polarizer is the wire-grind polarizer which is considered one among the simplest under the linear category of polarizers.  An instance ofthe  absorptive polarizer is the tourmaline crystal. However, this crystal is not used applicably as a polarizer as it appears colored (David, 13). In practical applications, polarizers  function under Malu’s Law which states that  when  a  perfect polarizer is positioned in a beam of polarized light is affected  by the initial intensity of the beam and the angle between the beam’s primary polarization path/direction and polarizer’s axis. Circular polarizers find more industrial use in that they are used in as filters in photography. In addition, circular polarizers are also employed in the 3D-glass lenses where determination of whether an image is supposed to be visible to the right or the left eye (Mark,